In humans, chronic stress results in long-term stimulation of the fight-or-flight response, which leads to constant production and secretion of catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine) and hormones such as cortisol. Salivary glands work through small volume potassium and water secretion.Kidney increases renin secretion to increase intravascular volume.Urinary bladder, there is relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the urethral sphincter to help stop urine output during sympathetic activation. ![]() Exocrine and endocrine pancreas decreases both enzyme and insulin secretion.Stomach and intestines, decreased motility and sphincter contraction, as well as contraction of the gallbladder, occur to slow down digestion to divert energy to other parts of the body.Lungs, bronchodilation and decreased pulmonary secretions occur to allow more airflow through the lungs. ![]()
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